Biology 203 Review Questions for Exam I
- What
is Microbiology? What is included in this? Give examples of 6 types of microorganisms.
- What
contributions were made to the filed by van Leuvwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch,
Fleming and Lister?
- Distinguish
between simple stain, differential stain, negative stain, special stain. How
would these look under a microscope?
- Explain
the advantage of using a bright-field microscope, dark-field, phase-contrast, Nomarski, and Electron microscope. What
magnification can these attain?
- What
are some examples of new microscope innovations?
- What
are defined media? Complex media? Differential media? Enriched media?
Selective media?
- Compare
the approximate sizes of viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes.
- What
are the functions of the following cell components? Cell membrane, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, microtubules, cell wall, cilia, flagella. Which of
these are not found in bacteria?
- How
do the ribosomes, cell walls, membranes, chromosomes, and flagella of
bacteria differ from those of eukaryotic cells?
- Describe
the composition of a cell membrane. What
function do these components have?
- Compare
the cell wall of: Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, archaea,
algae, fungi.
- What
are the most common bacterial shapes?
- How
can bacteria be arranged? Distinguish
between Diplo-, Staphylo-, and Strepto-.
- What
are some bacterial cell structures not found in eukaryotes? What are their
functions?
- Define
the following: capsule, lipopolysaccharide, teichoic acid, plasmid, outer
membrane, pilus, chromosome
- Define
growth. In what way is bacterial
growth usually described?
- How
do bacteria reproduce? How is this different from fungi and protozoa?
- Why
do bacterial cells die?
- How
does bacterial growth differ on solid media and in liquid media?
- Explain
the 4 growth phases of a bacterial population.
- What
is a colony? What are some of
the characteristics of a colony?
- Explain
doubling time. How can it be
determined?
What is another word for "doubling time"?
- How
long will it take a population of 256 E. coli cells to reach 65,000 cells IF
the generation time of E.coli under these conditions is 30 minutes?
- Give
some examples of direct and indirect counting methods. Explain how a
spectrophotometer can measure populations.
- List
7 environmental/physical factors that influence bacterial growth.
-
How do nutrient concentrations affect microbial growth?
- Distinguish
among: halophiles, acidophiles, alkalophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles,
psychrophiles, neutrophiles, obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes,
facultative anaerobes, barophiles.
- What
is meant by ‘osmotolerant’ and ‘barotolerant’?
- Give
two examples of radiation that can damage bacteria. What is Deinococcus?