Immune System

Body defenses

1. Barriers: Keep out!
2. Inflammation: getting there
3. Phagocytosis: engulfing invaders
4. Humoral immunity: antibodies
5. Cell-mediated immunity: infected cells, cancers

Immune system cells

1. White blood cells
   1. Neutrophils
   2. Monocytes
   3. Eosinophils
   4. Basophils
   5. Lymphocytes
      1. B - Lymphocytes
         • Memory cells
         • Plasma cells
      2. T - lymphocytes
         • Helper T cells
         • Cytotoxic T cells
         • Natural Killer cells
2. Tissue macrophages
3. Mast cells

Immune system chemicals

1. Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
   • 5 types
2. Complement
3. Cytokines
   • Interferon: cancer-fighting
   • Interleukin: activate WBCs, fever
4. Histamine: inflammation & allergies
5. External secretions
   • HCl
   • Mucus
   • Lysozyme
   • Bile

Immune Response

1. Primary immune response
2. Secondary immune response
   1. Vaccination

Immune system disorders

1. Allergies
2. Autoimmunity
   • Lupus
   • Rheumatoid arthritis
   • Type I Diabetes
   • Multiple sclerosis
3. Immunodeficiency
   • SCID
   • AIDS

Excretory System

1. Functions of the excretory system
   1. Get rid of metabolic wastes
   2. Balance blood pH
   3. Regulate salt balance
2. Excretory systems
   1. Insects: Malpighian tubules
   2. Earthworms: Metanephridia
   3. Flatworms: Flame cells
   4. Vertebrates: Kidney
3. The vertebrate excretory system
   1. Urethra
   2. Urinary bladder
   3. Ureter
   4. Kidney
   5. Nephrons
4. Functions of the kidney
   1. Filtration
   2. Reabsorption
   3. Secretion