Circulation and Respiration

The purpose of the circulatory system

Diffusion distance!
  1. Transport
  2. Communication
  3. Homeostasis

How various animals accomplish circulation

  1. Gastrovascular cavity: cnidaria & flatworms
  2. Open circulatory system: mollusks, arthropods
  3. Closed circulatory system: annelids, vertebrates

The Human circulatory system

  1. Blood vessels
    1. Aorta, arteries, arterioles
    2. Capillaries
    3. Vena cava, veins, venules (veins have valves)
    4. Atherosclerosis
  2. The heart: a double pump
    1. Right side: pulmonary circulation
    2. Left side: systemic circulation
    3. Atria
    4. Ventricles
    5. Valves
      • atrioventricular 
      • semilunar
  3. The cardiac cycle
    1. Systole: contraction
    2. Diastole: relaxation
    3. Heart sounds
    4. Heart murmurs
  4. ECG: Recording of the electrical activity of the heart
    1. Pacemaker: SA node
    2. Relay station: AV node
    3. Irregular heartbeats
    4. Heart attacks
      • The leading cause of death in US
      • Due to blockage of coronary arteries
      • Leads to lack of oxygen and death of heart muscle
      • Risk factors
  5. Blood flow
    1. Capillary beds
    2. Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation
    3. Blood flow in exercise
    4. Blood flow at rest
  6. Blood pressure
    1. How to determine blood pressure
    2. Normal blood pressure
    3. Pulse
    4. Vasoconstriction/vasodilation
    5. Shock
    6. Hypertension
  7. Composition of Blood
    1. Blood cells
      • Red blood cells: erythrocytes
        • Hemoglobin
        • Anemia
        • Blood doping (EPO)
      • White blood cells: leukocytes
        • Monocytes: Become macrophages (phagocytosis)
        • Neutrophils: phagocytosis
        • Lymphocytes
          • B-cells produce antibodies
          • T-cells fight infected cells, cancers, parasites
        • Leukemia
        • AIDS
      • Platelets: thrombocytes
    2. Plasma
      • Clotting factors
        • Fibrin
        • Hemophilia
        • Strokes

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